Formulary Chapter 11: Eye - Full Chapter
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Notes: |
Preservative Free Eye Drops Microbial contamination of multidose bottles of eye drops can cause eye infections that may lead to damage of the eye and in extreme cases loss of sight. To minimise the risk, multidose bottles of eye drops contain an antimicrobial preservative such as benzalkonium chloride. The preservatives used in eye drops are normally well tolerated, but they are not completely harmless. They can cause irritation and damage to the corneal epithelium. This risk is understood to be greater in patients with pre-existing damage to the ocular surface and where large quantities of preservative containing eye drops are applied repeatedly over a prolonged period (e.g. if applied more than 4 to 6 times daily for several weeks/ months). To avoid these problems the use of preservative-free eye drops is recommended in: Patients who have experienced hypersensitivity reactions or irritation due to preservatives in eye drops. Patients who have received corneal grafts. Patients with conditions where there is already damage to the ocular surface as a result of disease or trauma, such as dry eye, blepharitis, ocular burns etc. Treatment with preservative-free eye drops will usually be initiated by an ophthalmologist. |
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Chapter Links... |
NICE NG242 : Diabetic retinopathy: management and monitoring |
North of Tyne, Gateshead and North Cumbria - Ophthalmology Referral Guidelines |
Details... |
11.01 |
Administration of drugs to the eye |
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11.02 |
Control of microbial contamination |
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11.03 |
Anti-infective eye preparations |
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11.03.01 |
Antibacterials |
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Chloramphenicol 0.5% eye drops & ointment
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First Choice
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- Preservative-free eye drops are also approved for use:
- 0.5% preservative-free Minims® - first choice.
- 0.5% preservative-free eye drops
unlicensed - approved only for patients who are unable to use Minims®due to dexterity problems
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MHRA Drug Safety Update (July 2021): Chloramphenicol eye drops containing borax or boric acid buffers: use in children younger than 2 years
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Azithromycin (Azyter®) (ophthalmic)
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Formulary
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Ciprofloxacin
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Formulary
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Eye drops: 0.3% Eye ointment (preservative-free): 0.3%
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Doxycycline
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Formulary
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SR capsules 40 mg
Specialist indication: drug of choice for ocular rosacea
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Hexamidine
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Formulary
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UNLICENSED
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Levofloxacin (ophthalmic)
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Formulary
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Moxifloxacin
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Formulary
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Polihexanide (eye drops)
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Formulary
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Unlicensed
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Vancomycin (ophthalmic)
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Formulary
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Fusidic Acid (Fucithalmic®)
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Alternatives
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Gentamicin 0.3% ear/eye drops
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Alternatives
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- 1.5% eye drops with and with out preservative are also approved -
unlicensed and 
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Ofloxacin 0.3% Eye drops
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Alternatives
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Propamidine Isetionate
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Alternatives
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- For use in the treatment of acanthamoeba keratitis – used with PHMB.
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Benzylpenicillin 0.3% Eye drops
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Unlicensed
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Cefuroxime 5% eye drops
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Unlicensed
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Erythromycin 0.5% Eye ointment
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Unlicensed
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Gentamicin 15mg/ml (With preservative & preservative-free)
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Unlicensed
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Polyhexamethylene biguinide (PHMB) 0.02% Eye drops
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Unlicensed
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Povidone iodine 5%
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Unlicensed
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11.03.02 |
Antifungals |
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There are currently no licensed topical antifungal agents available for the treatment of eye infections. Products such as those below can be obtained as unlicensed medicines to meet specific needs on request from an ophthalmologist or microbiologist. Contact pharmacy at the RVI (0191 2825398) for details. |
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Chlorhexidine
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Formulary
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Amphotericin B Preservative-free (eye drops)
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Unlicensed
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Voriconazole (eye drops)
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Unlicensed
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- 100microgram in 0.1ml (0.1%) - preservative-free eye drops.
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11.03.03 |
Antivirals |
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Aciclovir
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First Choice
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Ganciclovir (Virgan®)
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First Choice
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Aciclovir
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Formulary
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- 800mg Tablets
- For the treatment of ophthalmic zoster.
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Trifluorothymidine
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Unlicensed
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11.04 |
Corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory preparations |
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11.04.01 |
Corticosteroids |
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Betamethasone 0.1% eye drops
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First Choice
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Dexamethasone 0.05%, framycetin sulf. 0.5%, gramicidin 0.005% eye drops (Sofradex)
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Formulary
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Hydrocortisone Sodium Phosphate (Softacort®)
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Formulary
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- 3.35 mg per 1 ml eye drops (0.4ml unit dose)
- Approved for patients who require a preservative-free low potency ocular corticosteroid
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Rimexolone
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Formulary
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ophthalmology advice only - second line if flurometholone unsuitable
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Betamethasone 0.1% with Neomycin 0.5% eye drops
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Alternatives
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Dexamethasone 0.1% eye drops (Maxidex®)
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Alternatives
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- Preservative-free eye drops are also approved.
- 0.1% Minims® - first choice.
- 0.1% preservative free eye drops
unlicensed - approved only for patients who are unable to use Minims®due to dexterity problems.
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Dexamethasone 0.1% Preservative-free
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Alternatives
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First choice
Unit dose vials (Minims®)
Alternative
Eye drops (unlicensed) - only for patients who are unable to use Minims® due to dexterity problems
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Dexamethasone with Neomycin and Polymyxin B sulphate (Maxitrol®)
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Alternatives
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- Eye drops and eye ointment
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Fluorometholone 0.1% Eye drops (FML®)
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Alternatives
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- For use in patients who experience ocular hypertension with other corticosteroids – treatment to be initiated with the advice of an ophthalmologist.
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Loteprednol Eye drops
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Alternatives
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- Approved as a second line agent to conventional corticosteroid eye drops, treatment to be imitated with the advice of an ophthalmologist only.
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Prednisolone 0.5% Single Use Minims®
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Alternatives
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Prednisolone eye drops
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Alternatives
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- The following formulations are approved
- 0.5% eye drops and 1% (Pred-Forte).
- 0.1% and 0.3% eye drops - both
unlicensed.
- Approved preservative free formulations include
- 0.5% minims.
- 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5% and 1% - all
unlicensed.
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Dexamethasone 700 microgram intravitreal implant (Ozurdex®)
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Alternatives
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- Approved for macular oedema following central retinal vein occlusion
in line with NICE.
- Approved for treating diabetic macular oedema in line with NICE.
- Approved for the treatment of non-infectious uveitis in line with NICE and NHS England Commissioning Policy
Note: The Northern (NHS) Treatment Advisory Group recommends the sequential pharmacological management of MO secondary to RVO as per the North East Retina Group (NERG) RVO treatment pathway.
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NICE TA229 Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for the treatment of macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion
NICE TA460 Adalimumab and dexamethasone for treating non-infectious uveitis
NICE TA824: Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for treating diabetic macular oedema
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Fluocinolone 190 microgram intravitreal implant
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Alternatives
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- Recommended as a possible treatment for people with chronic diabetic macular oedema who have an artificial lens in their eye if the implant is used in the eye with the artificial lens and their diabetic macular oedema has not got better with other treatments - in line with NICE.
- Approved for the treatment of recurrent non-infectious uveitis in line with NICE
- Approved for treating chronic diabetic macular oedema in phakic eyes after an inadequate response to previous therapy in line with NICE
- Approved for treating chronic diabetic macular oedema in line with NICE
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NICE TA301: Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant for treating chronic diabetic macular oedema after an inadequate response to prior therapy
NICE TA590: Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant for treating recurrent non-infectious uveitis
NICE TA613: Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant for treating chronic diabetic macular oedema in phakic eyes after an inadequate response to previous therapy
NICE TA953: Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant for treating chronic diabetic macular oedema
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11.04.02 |
Other anti-inflammatory preparations |
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Antazoline 0.5% with Xylometazoline 0.05% (Otrivine-Antistin®)
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Formulary
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Ciclosporin 0.1% (1mg/1ml) Eye Drops
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Formulary
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- Ikervis® - Approved for the treatment of dry eye disease in adults that has not improved despite treatment with artificial tears in line with NICE
- Verkazia® - Approved for the treatment of severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis in children from 4 years of age and adolescents
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NICE TA369: Ciclosporin for treating dry eye disease that has not improved despite treatment with artificial tears
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Ketotifen (Zaditen®)
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Formulary
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Ophthalmology advice - atopic keratoconjunctivitis
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Olopatadine (Opatanol®)
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Formulary
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Sodium Cromoglicate 2% Eye drops
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Formulary
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- A 2% preservative free preparation is also approved
unlicensed - treatment to be imitated with the advice of an ophthalmologist only.
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Adalimumab
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Formulary
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- 40mg Injection
- Approved for the treatment of children with Severe Refractory Uveitis in line with interim NHS England Clinical Commissioning Policy.
- Approved for the treatment of non-infectious uveitis in line with NICE and NHS England Commissioning Policy (replaces interim policy for adalimumab for adults with severe refractory uveitis from 24th October 2017)
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Adalimumab and Infliximab for Children with Severe Refractory Uveitis
NICE TA460 Adalimumab and dexamethasone for treating non-infectious uveitis
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Triamcinolone Acetonide (Intracinol®)
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Formulary
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- 40mg in 1ml ophthalmic suspension injection
- Approved for use in patients with pre-operative diabetic macular oedema (DMA) and epiretinal membrane undergoing vitreoretinal surgery
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11.05 |
Mydriatics and cycloplegics |
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Procaine hydrochloride, atropine sulphate & adrenaline acid tartrate (Mydricaine®)
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Formulary
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- Mydricaine® No.2 [Contains procaine hydrochloride 6mg, atropine sulphate 1mg, adrenaline 1:1,000; (0.12mg)]
- Approved for the treatment of anterior uveitis
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11.05 |
Antimuscarinics |
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Atropine Sulphate Single Use Minims®
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Formulary
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Cyclopentolate Eye drops
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Formulary
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Cyclopentolate Single Use Minims®
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Formulary
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Cyclopentolate with phenylephrine
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Formulary
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Phenylephrine
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Formulary
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- 2.5% eye drops
unlicensed
- 2.5% single use Minims®
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Tropicamide single use Minims®
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Formulary
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11.05 |
Sympathomimetics |
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Phenylephrine Hydrochloride
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Formulary
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- 2.5% eye drops
unlicensed.
- 2.5% single use Minims®.
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11.06 |
Treatment of glaucoma |
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11.06 |
Beta-blockers |
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Levobunolol
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Formulary
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Eye drops: 0.5% Unit dose eye drops: 0.5%
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Timolol
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Formulary
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- 0.25% and 0.5% eye drops.
0.25% and 0.5% unit dose eye drops.
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11.06 |
Prostaglandin analogues |
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Latanoprost eye drops
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First Choice
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- 50 microgram/ml drops
- 50 microgram/ml preservative free SDU (Monopost)
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MHRA Drug Safety Update (July 2015): Latanoprost (Xalatan): increased reporting of eye irritation since reformulation
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Travoprost
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Formulary
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Eye drops: 40 micrograms/1 mL
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Travoprost with Timolol
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Formulary
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Eye drops: travoprost 40 micrograms/1 mL, timolol 5 mg/1 mL (DuoTrav®)
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Bimatoprost eye drops
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Alternatives
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Bimatoprost with Timolol eye drops
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Alternatives
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- For use as a second/third-line agent in patients insufficiently responsive
to monotherapy with a prostaglandin analogue or beta blocker
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Latanoprost 0.005% with Timolol 0.5% eye drops
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Alternatives
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- For use as a second/third-line agent in patients insufficiently responsive
to monotherapy with a prostaglandin analogue or beta blocker.
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Latanoprost 0.005% with Timolol 0.5% eye drops preservative free (Fixapost®)
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Alternatives
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- 0.2ml unit dose
- For use as a second/third-line agent in patients insufficiently responsive
to monotherapy with a prostaglandin analogue or beta blocker.
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Latanoprost 50microgram/ml with Netarsudil 200microgram/ml eye drops (Roclanda®)
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Alternatives
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- For use as an option for reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) in adults with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension when a prostaglandin analogue alone has not reduced IOP enough, only if:
- they have then tried a fixed-dose combination treatment and it has not reduced IOP enough, or
- a fixed-dose combination treatment containing beta-blockers is unsuitable.
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NICE TA1009: Latanoprost–netarsudil for previously treated primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension
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Tafluprost (Saflutan®)
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Alternatives
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Tafluprost 15microg with timolol 0.5% eye drops
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Alternatives
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11.06 |
Sympathomimetics |
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Brimonidine Tartrate 0.2% eye drops
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Formulary
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11.06 |
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and systemic drugs |
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Brinzolamide
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First Choice
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Dorzolamide
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First Choice
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- 2% eye drops.
- 2% unit dose eye drops.
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Brinzolamide 1% with Timolol 0.5% (Azarga®)
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Formulary
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Brinzolamide 10mg/ml & brimonidine 2mg/ml (Simbrinza®)
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Formulary
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- Approved as a third line agent as an “add-on” in patients at the very end of medical management.
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Acetazolamide
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Alternatives
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- second line carbonic anhydrase inhibitor for glaucoma
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Dorzolomide 2% with Timolol 0.5%
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Alternatives
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- Eye drops and unit dose eye drops
- Approved for use in patients with confirmed allergy presenting as
conjunctival changes or skin allergy. To be initiated by ophthalmologists only. The ophthalmologists must clearly document that signs and symptoms of preservative allergy have been demonstrated in their patient prior to initiation.
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11.06 |
Miotics |
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Pilocarpine (eye drops)
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Third Choice
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- 2% and 4% eye drops.
- 1% and 2% unit dose eye drops.
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11.07 |
Local anaesthetics |
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Cocaine
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Formulary
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unlicensed P/F eye drops: 4%
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Lidocaine 4% with Fluorescein 0.25% Minims®
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Formulary
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Oxybuprocaine 0.4% Minims® (Benoxinate)
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Formulary
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Proxymetacaine 0.5% Minims®
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Formulary
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Minims® eye drops (preservative free): 0.5%
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Tetracaine 1% Minims® (Amethocaine)
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Formulary
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11.08 |
Miscellaneous ophthalmic preparations |
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Mercaptamine hydrocholride
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Formulary
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- Viscous eyedrops
- Approved for the treatment of corneal cystine deposits in people aged 2 years and over in line with NHS England Clinical Commissioning Policy
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Clinical Commissioning Policy Mercaptamine hydrochloride viscous eyedrops for corneal cystine deposits in people aged 2 years and over (210503P)
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11.08.01 |
Tear deficiency, ocular lubricants, and astringents |
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Hypromellose
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First Choice
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- 0.3% eye drops
- 0.3% preservative-free eye drops:
- 1st line Tear-Lac®;
- 2nd line PF Drops®
- treatment to be initiated on the advice of ophthalmologist only
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Artificial Tears Minims
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Formulary
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Hydroxyethylcellulose Artifical Tears Minims 4.4mg per mL Minims Eye Drops
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Xailin Night
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Formulary
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White soft paraffin and mineral oil
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Acetylcysteine 5% eye drops and preservative free eye drops
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Alternatives
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Acetylcysteine 5% with Hypromellose 0.35% (Ilube)
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Alternatives
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Eye drops: acetylcysteine 5%, hypromellose 0.35% (Ilube®)
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Balanced Salt Solution
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Alternatives
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- Sterile solution containing sodium chloride 0.64%, sodium acetate 0.39%, sodium citrate 0.17%, calcium chloride 0.048%, magnesium chloride 0.03%, potassium chloride 0.075% in 15ml bottles and 500ml bags.
- For intra-ocular or topical irrigation during surgical procedures.
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Carbomer 980 eye drops
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Alternatives
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- Viscotears® eye drops
- GelTears® single unit dose eye drops
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Carmellose sodium
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Alternatives
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Duolube® eye ointment (Lanolin and preservative free)
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Alternatives
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UNDER REVIEW
- Please note
The brand name will soon change to Sooth Night-time and Duolube will be unable to be ordered
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Hylo Night®
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Alternatives
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- Eye ointment (containing retinol palmitate (vitamin A) 250iu/g, white soft paraffin, light liquid paraffin, liquid paraffin and wool fat)
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Sodium Chloride
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Alternatives
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- 0.9% eye drops and single dose unit eye drops.
- 5% eye drops and preservative-free eye drops.
- 5% eye ointment
unlicensed.
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Sodium Hyaluronate
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Alternatives
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- 0.1% eye drops & preservative-free eye drops
- 0.2% eye drops & preservative-free eye drops
- 0.4% unit dose vials (Clinitas) & 0.4% preservative-free eye drops (Clinitas Multi)
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Systane®
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Alternatives
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- 10ml multidose bottles 0.8ml preservative-free vials Contains hydroxypropyl guar, polyethylene glycol 400, propylene glycol (and other ingredients).
- Long-acting ocular lubricant used for the treatment of dry eye syndrome. Liquid formulation which turns into a gel on contact with eyes providing fast and long lasting relief. The multidose bottle may be used for up to six months after opening in primary care. In contact lens wearers, Systane should be applied before inserting lenses and after removal to extend comfortable wearing times.
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11.08.02 |
Ocular diagnostic and peri-operative preparations and photodynamic treatment |
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11.08.02 |
Ocular diagnostic preparations |
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Fluorescein
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Formulary
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- 2% minims eye drops
- 1mg ophthalmic strips
- Fluorets
- 10% 5ml & 20% 5ml injections
unlicensed
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Lissamine Green
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Formulary
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1.5mg ophthalmic strips
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Indocyanine green
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Unlicensed
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25mg injection.
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11.08.02 |
Ocular peri-operative drugs |
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Diclofenac
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Formulary
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- 0.1% eye drops and unit dose eye drops.
- For post-operative inflammation limited to patients where corticosteroids are unsuitable.
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Acetylcholine Chloride
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Formulary
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Apraclonidine
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Formulary
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- 0.5% and 1% ophthalmic solution.
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Ketorolac (Acular®)
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Formulary
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Nepafenac
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Formulary
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Povidone iodine 5% eye drops
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Formulary
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- For use in eye surgery only.
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Sodium Hyaluronate
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Formulary
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- 10mg in 1ml bag (Z-Hyalin®, formerly Ophthalin Gelbag®)
- 14mg in 1ml syringe (Healon GV®)
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Duovisc® Injection
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Unlicensed
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- Injection for use in cataract surgery containing VisCoat (1% sodium hyaluronate) and ProVisc (3% sodium hyaluronate, 4% chondroitin sulphate).
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Ethanol 20% eye drops.
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Unlicensed
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- For use in the debridement of the corneal epithelium in patients with
recurrent corneal erosion syndrome.
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11.08.02 |
Subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation |
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Aflibercept (Eylea®)
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Formulary

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- 40mg/1ml & 114.3mg/1ml solution for injection
- Approved for wet age related macular degeneration in line with NICE.
- Approved for macular oedema – central retinal vein occlusion in line with NICE.
- Approved for diabetic macular oedema in line with NICE.
- Approved for treating visual impairment caused by macular oedema after branch retinal vein occlusion in line with NICE.
- Approved as an option for treating visual impairment because of myopic choroidal neovascularisation in adults in line with NICE
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NICE TA 294 Aflibercept solution for injection for treating wet age‑related macular degeneration
NICE TA 305 Aflibercept for treating visual impairment caused by macular oedema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion
NICE TA 346 Aflibercept for treating diabetic macular oedema
NICE TA 409: Aflibercept for treating visual impairment caused by macular oedema after branch retinal vein occlusion
NICE TA 486: Aflibercept for treating choroidal neovascularisation
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Bevacizumab gamma (Lytenava®)
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Formulary
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- 25 mg/mL solution for injection
- Approved for use as an option for treating wet age-related macular degeneration in adults in line with NICE
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NICE TA1022: Bevacizumab gamma for treating wet age-related macular degeneration
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Brolucizumab (Beovu®)
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Formulary

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- 19.8mg/0.165mL solution for injection (pre-filled syringes)
- Approved for treating wet age-related macular degeneration in adults in line with NICE
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MHRA Drug Safety Update (Jan 2022): Brolucizumab (Beovu▼): risk of intraocular inflammation and retinal vascular occlusion increased with short dosing intervals
NICE TA672: Brolucizumab for treating wet age-related macular degeneration
NICE TA820: Brolucizumab for treating diabetic macular oedema
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Faricimab (Vabysmo® )
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Formulary
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- 120mg/1ml solution for injection
- Approved for the treatment of diabetic macular oedema in adults in line with NICE
- Approved for the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration in line with NICE
- Approved for the treatment of visual impairment caused by macular oedema after retinal vein occlusion in line with NICE
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NICE TA1004: Faricimab for treating visual impairment caused by macular oedema after retinal vein occlusion
NICE TA799: Faricimab for treating diabetic macular oedema
NICE TA800: Faricimab for treating wet age-related macular degeneration
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Ranibizumab 10mg/1ml injection (Lucentis®)
|
Formulary

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- Approved for wet age related macular degeneration in line with NICE.
- Approved for diabetic macular oedema in line with NICE.
- Approved for visual impairment caused by macular oedema secondary
to retinal vein occlusion in line with NICE.
- Approved as a possible treatment for sight problems caused by choroidal neovascularisation in people who also have pathological myopia in line with NICE.
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NICE TA 274 Ranibizumab for treating diabetic macular oedema
NICE TA 155 Ranibizumab and pegaptanib for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration
NICE TA 283 Ranibizumab for treating visual impairment caused by macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion
NICE TA 298 Ranibizumab for treating choroidal neovascularisation associated with pathological myopia
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Verteporfin 15mg Injection (Visudyne®)
|
Formulary
|
Approved for photodynamic therapy in wet age-related macular degeneration in line NICE.
|
NICE NG82: Age-related macular degeneration
NTAG Decision Summary June 2020: Verteporfin
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Bevacizumab 1.25mg/0.05ml intravitreal injection
|
Unlicensed
|
- NETAG approved for use in the management of macular oedema
secondary to retinal vein occlusion.
- NTAG approved for age related macular degeneration.
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11.08.02 |
Vitreomacular traction |
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|
Ocriplasmin (Jetrea®)
|
Formulary
|
- Approved for use in patients with vitreomacular traction who also have no epiretinal membrane and a hole (up to 400 micrometres) in the centre of their retina or severe sight problems in line with NICE.
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NICE TA 297 Ocriplasmin for treating vitreomacular traction
|
11.08.02.04 |
Other products - Mainly for treating ocular injuries |
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11.08.02.04 |
Antifungals |
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11.08.02.04 |
Cytotoxics / wound healing modulators |
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|
11.08.02.04 |
Fibrinolytic drugs |
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|
11.08.02.04 |
Glues - ocular |
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11.08.02.04 |
Immunosuppressants |
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11.08.02.04 |
Treatment of burns |
|
|
Holoclar®
|
Formulary
|
- Approved for treating limbal stem cell deficiency after eye burns in line with NICE and NHS England Commissioning Policy as of 14 November 2017
|
|
11.08.02.04 |
Visco-elastics |
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11.08.02.04 |
Other |
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Alteplase intravitreal injection
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Formulary
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Mydrane
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Formulary
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Intracameral injection: tropicamide 0.2 mg/mL, phenylephrine 3.1 mg/mL, lidocaine 10 mg/mL; 0.6 mL ampoules
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Ascorbic acid 10% Preservative-free eye drops (Potassium ascorbate)
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Unlicensed
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Disodium edetate 0.37% solution (20ml)
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Unlicensed
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Sodium Citrate 10.11% eye drops (equivalent to citrate 6.5%)
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Unlicensed
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Tretinoin 0.05% eye drops (Retinoic acid)
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Unlicensed
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11.08.03 |
Reduction of elevated intra-ocular pressure |
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11.09 |
Contact lenses |
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Contact lenses are only provided on the NHS when there is a medical need. Usually this is when vision cannot be improved with spectacles, but can be improved with contact lenses. The contact lens clinical staff at the RVI will assess eligibility. Examples of eligibility include some disorders of the cornea, very high prescriptions and 'bandage' lenses.
The following contact lens care products stocked for the care of contact lenses for patients attending the ophthalmology department at the RVI. GPs are not allowed to prescribe contact lens solutions on the NHS. |
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Alcon Optifree® Express System
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Formulary
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Bausch & Lomb contact lens solution (Boston®)
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Formulary
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Bausch & Lomb saline (Salette®)
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Formulary
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Clens 100®
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Formulary
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Miraflow® daily cleaner
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Formulary
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Oxysept® 1 Step
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Formulary
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Systane®
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Formulary
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.... |
Key |
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Restricted Drug |
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Unlicensed |
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Link to adult BNF
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Link to children's BNF
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Link to SPCs
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Cytotoxic Drug |
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Controlled Drug |
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High Cost Medicine |
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NHS England |
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Homecare |
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ICB |
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Low carbon footprint |
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Medium carbon footprint |
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High carbon footprint |
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Status |
Description |

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Drugs for hospital use only. The responsibility for initiation and monitoring treatment should rest with an appropriate hospital clinician and the drug should be supplied through the hospital throughout the duration of treatment. In some very exceptional circumstances (e.g. due to distance from the hospital, storage, supply or mobility/transport problems) it may be appropriate for the GP to be asked to prescribe a Red drug. This should be negotiated on an individual patient basis and should only be done with the GP’s prior informed agreement where the roles of the GP and hospital services are clearly defined and agreed. The GP should not feel under pressure to prescribe in these circumstances. For all RED drugs automatically added to the formulary in response to a positive NICE TA: Prescribers need to ensure that local Trust new drug governance procedures and pharmacy processes are followed before any prescribing. |

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Drugs initiated by hospital specialist, but where continuing treatment by GPs may be appropriate under a shared care arrangement. These medicines are considered suitable for primary care prescribing following specialist initiation of therapy and stabilisation, with ongoing communication between the primary care prescriber and specialist as set out in the associated shared care guideline (SCG). Shared care should be initiated by the specialist, which includes consultant, suitably trained specialist non-medical prescriber or GPwER within a secondary, tertiary, or primary care clinic.
The specialist should send the primary care prescriber a copy of the NENC Clinical Effectiveness and Governance (CEG) Subcommittee approved SCG to sign. The primary care prescriber should sign the SCG or indicate reasons why they are unable to accept the agreement and return a copy back to the specialist, as soon as possible.
SCGs are available or are being developed for most of the drugs listed as AMBER. |

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Drugs normally recommended or initiated by a hospital specialist who is a prescriber, a GP with an extended role [GPwER], or a specialist within primary care which can be safely maintained in primary care and monitored in primary care. In some cases, a further restriction for use may be defined. The primary care prescriber must be familiar with the drug to take on prescribing responsibility or must obtain the required information from the specialist. Therefore, provision of additional information, or an information leaflet, may be appropriate in some cases to facilitate continuing treatment by primary care prescriber or provide information re stopping criteria.
These are considered suitable for primary care prescribing following specialist assessment and recommendation of therapy, with ongoing communication between the primary care prescriber and specialist, if necessary.
In some case these drugs require specialist initiation and short to medium term monitoring of efficacy or toxicity until the patient’s dose is stable. Following specialist review the patient may be transferred to primary care for ongoing prescribing. Ongoing prescribing by primary care can include, if required, additional dose titrations and assessment of efficacy, with ongoing communication between the primary care prescriber and specialist, if necessary.
If the drug requires urgent initiation, it is expected that the specialist undertakes the initial prescribing responsibility for an appropriate period of time, usually a minimum of 28 days. A GREEN+ drug can only be recommended to primary care for initiation if does not need to be initiated within 28 days. |

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Medicines suitable for initiation, ongoing prescribing and discontinuation in all care settings, subject to appropriate communication between those responsible. |

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UNDER REVIEW: drugs whose current formulary status or RAG status is currently under review. |

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Drugs that have been considered by the NENC Clinical Effectiveness and Governance (CEG) Subcommittee (or other approved body) and are not approved for prescribing within the North East and North Cumbria ICS. These may also include all medicines with a “not NHS” or “DLCV” classification in the BNF, those agents as included within the NICE “Do not do” list, and those agents included with the NHS England: Items which should not routinely be prescribed in primary care. |
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